Professor of History and Civilization at Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco. He received several scientific awards including the Arab Prize for Social Sciences and Humanities. His research interests are focused on social and economic history, history of minds and thoughts. His latest books (in Arabic) include: “The Marginalized in the History of the Islamic West: Problems of Theory and Practice in History as seen from the Bottom”, “Discourse of Justice in the Books of Imperial Ethics”, and “The Islamic Minority in Sicily between Integration, Clash and Identity Conflict”.