​Khabbashe’s study examines Morocco’s two main Islamist parties’ attitudes towards the modern civil state, and the extent to which members ofJustice and Charity Movement and the Justice and Development Party are willing to change their attitudes on the notion of a civilian state. Khabbashe’s findings reveal that both movements concur in their categorical rejection of a ruler being non-Muslim and in their affirmation of the importance of political participation in the context of an Islamic system of government, which is taken synonymous with shura (consultation). Notable differences are detected, however, with the Justice and Development Party deemed more receptive to partial secularism and to the election of government officials.  The change in attitudes for the sample as a whole reveals a rise in the number of positive attitudes towards secularism and a drop in those concerned with its twin, democracy, and a marginal decline in the number of positive attitudes towards party pluralism and the election of government officials.