The Debate on University, Citizenship and Democracy

Volume 4|Issue 15| Winter 2016 |Articles

Abstract

In this essay, Bishara explores the relationship between university education and democratic culture. Moving beyond the relationship between the two – that is the ratio of the number of educated and their education degrees and the attendant potential for democracy and its stability – Bishara focuses instead on the political culture of those who are educated, and their values. His conclusions are based on the 2015 Arab Opinion Index, which showed that stances on democracy and citizenship do not change based on one’s education degree. He also presents an interpretive analysis of these results in a comparative study between the different impacts of university institutions and free universal education in Europe on the one hand, and the Arab status quo and its relationship with democracy and citizenship on the other – this in view of the fact that universities are meant to bring together large masses of youth coming from different areas and social backgrounds, and to be a major melting pot of the nation, and a natural environment for citizenship.

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Prominent Arab intellectual, political philosopher, and researcher with numerous books and academic publications on political thought, social theory and philosophy. As a scholar, his magnum opus is his two-part work Religion and Secularism in Historical Context. Part I, Religion and Religiosity was published in 2013, followed in 2015 by the two-volume Part II, Secularity and Secularization: The Intellectual Trajectory and Secularity and Theories of Secularization. His latest books are The Question of the State: Philosophy, Theory, and Context (2023) with a second volume titled The Arab State: Beginnings and Evolution (2024); and Palestine: Matters of Truth and Justice (2024), originally released in English in 2022 by Hurst Publishers in London, published concurrently with The Flood: The War on Palestine in Gaza (2024). Bishara’s publications in Arabic, some of which have become key references within their respective field, include Civil Society: A Critical Study (1996); From the Jewishness of the State to Sharon (2004); On The Arab Question: An Introduction to an Arab Democratic Manifesto (2007); To Be an Arab in Our Times (2009); On Revolution and Susceptibility to Revolution (2012); Religion and Secularism in Historical Context (in 3 vols., 2013, 2015); The Army and Political Power in the Arab Context: Theoretical Problems (2017); The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (Daesh): A General Framework and Critical Contribution to Understanding the Phenomenon (2018); What is Populism? (2019); and  Democratic Transition and its Problems: Theoretical Lessons from Arab Experiences (2020).

His English publications include Sectarianism without Sects (Oxford University Press, 2021); On Salafism: Concepts and Contexts (Stanford University Press, 2022); ISIS: The March to Dystopia (I.B. Tauris, 2025); and his trilogy on the Arab revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt and Syria, published by I.B. Tauris, Understanding Revolutions: Opening Acts in Tunisia (2021); Egypt: Revolution, Failed Transition and Counter-Revolution (2022); and Syria 2011-2013: Revolution and Tyranny before the Mayhem (2023), in which he provides a rich theoretical analysis in addition to a comprehensive and lucid assessment of the revolutions in three Arab countries.

Bishara serves as the General Director of the Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies (ACRPS) and the Chair of the Board of Trustees for the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies founded by the ACRPS.

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