This article explores how the Paris Economic Protocol established a system of economic and social exclusion against Palestinian farmers from a political economy perspective. By analysing the agreement’s provisions and comparing them with agricultural and social data (1994–2022) collected by international organizations (the World Bank, FAO, and UNCTAD) and local institutions (the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics and Palestinian institutions specialized in the agricultural sector), it demonstrates how restrictions on imports, exports, and the dual customs system have eroded farmers’ status. The article concludes that the protocol shifted from a regulatory framework to a colonial tool that reinforces dependency, developmentally impoverished farmers, and deepens the weakness of their role in food sovereignty.